Unit 21: Understanding Video Technology: Production Equipment

Production Equipment

Camera Setups

History of Cameras

A motion picture camera is a device capable of capturing a series of images at high speed. Typically, motion picture cameras capture images at 24 frames per second, meaning 24 individual frames are captured by the camera in a single second. This frame rate allows for audiences to feel the illusion of movement. However, the first movies only played at a frame rate of 14-20 frames per second, meaning movement appeared flawed and jumpy, as there were not enough frames to allow for smoother movements.

Louis Le Prince was a French inventor who shot the first moving pictures on the first working motion picture camera. The camera was a single lens and Le Prince shot on paper film. He was never able to perform a public demonstration of his invention, however, as he mysteriously disappeared in 1890. Over time, cameras became smaller and more compact until they became portable. It wasn't until the 50s and 60s, however, that the first colour cameras were invented.

In the 20th Century, VHS, a videotape based analogue format, was used. However, in the early 2000s, MiniDV was invented. MiniDV was a digital tape based format that allowed for filming in standard definition (720x576). MiniDV was followed by DVD. Currently used consumer cameras allow for full definition (1920x1080). The current industry film standard is 35mm (which is 10-24 megapixels). The current industry digital standard is 4k. However, some films are currently being shot in 6k for an even clearer picture.

How does a Camera work?

Film is located inside the camera, which is completely dark at this point. The shutter then opens, allowing for light to travel through the lens and the film or sensor to be exposed. Then, the shutter closes, and the next piece of film moves into place.

An inside look at a motion picture camera.

The sensor size of a camera has a huge impact on the actual quality of an image. DSLRs have made a big impact on the film industry, because they allow for affordable filmmaking. The general rule of sensors are the smaller the sensor size, the higher the frame right. However, it will not handle dark situation well and will produce grain. The larger the sensor size, the better the quality of the image produced. If it's larger, it will handle dark situations better.


There are three main functions of controlling how an image is exposed correctly with a camera. These are:

• Shutter Speed - The amount of time that each individual frame is exposed for.

• Aperture - Controls DoF

• ISO - Sensitivity

Lighting Setups

The most common lighting setup is the three point.

An example of the three-point system.

Lighting is important for film because it allows for an image to be made more dynamic and interesting to look at. It creates depth which allows for the illusion of a three dimensional image. The Key light is typically placed 45 degrees to either side of the camera. Fill lights are used to fill in the shadows of a scene, whilst Back lights add dimension. When shooting outside, without access to any lights, a reflector can be used instead.


Sound Setups

How sound is recored on set is very important. There are many different methods of doing so. These include:

• Shotgun Microphone
• Dynamic Microphone
• Condenser Microphone

The key for good sound is to ensure the microphone is facing the actor, meaning no other unnecessary and unwanted background noise is accidentally picked up. Also. it is important to ensure that sound levels on the recording device are peaking, but not hitting maximum, as this can cause the sound to be distorted. Volume can always be raised in post-production anyway. Shotgun Microphones are also a great method of recoding sound as they only pick up sound in the direction they are being directed.